Passage Practice: Eukaryotic Organelles

Lysosomes are acidic cytoplasmic organelles that are present in all nucleated mammalian cells. Lysosomes have been found to be involved in a variety of cellular processes including repair of the plasma membrane, cholesterol homeostasis, and apoptosis. 

To date, more than 50 acidic hydrolytic enzymes have been identified that are involved in ordered lysosomal degradation of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Functional deficiencies in these lysosomal enzymes are indicative of a number of disease states. Acidic organelles have also been shown to be responsible for digestion of high molecular weight proteins, oligosaccharides, glycolipids, or peptides by the cell.

The lysosomal storage diseases are a family of genetic human metabolic diseases that, in their severest forms, cause mortality due to a variety of conditions. They are caused by mutations in the genes encoding lysosomal glycohydrolases that catabolize glycosphingolipids within the lysosome, activator proteins or integral membrane proteins. When there is a lysosomal enzyme deficiency, the deficient enzyme’s undegraded substrates gradually accumulate within the lysosomes.

This accumulation within the cell eventually leads to malfunction of the organ and to the symptoms of a lysosomal storage disease, with these symptoms depending on the particular enzyme deficiency

Article Source: Fluorogenic Substrates for Visualizing Acidic Organelle Enzyme Activities
Harlan FK, Lusk JS, Mohr BM, Guzikowski AP, Batchelor RH, et al. (2016) Fluorogenic Substrates for Visualizing Acidic Organelle Enzyme Activities. PLOS ONE 11(5): e0156312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156312

Integral membrane proteins that are found in the lysosome are often trafficked through the cell to the lysosome after being synthesized in the RER which organelle was responsible for their trafficking?

Lysosomes are acidic cytoplasmic organelles that are present in all nucleated mammalian cells. Lysosomes have been found to be involved in a variety of cellular processes including repair of the plasma membrane, cholesterol homeostasis, and apoptosis. 

To date, more than 50 acidic hydrolytic enzymes have been identified that are involved in ordered lysosomal degradation of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Functional deficiencies in these lysosomal enzymes are indicative of a number of disease states. Acidic organelles have also been shown to be responsible for digestion of high molecular weight proteins, oligosaccharides, glycolipids, or peptides by the cell.

The lysosomal storage diseases are a family of genetic human metabolic diseases that, in their severest forms, cause mortality due to a variety of conditions. They are caused by mutations in the genes encoding lysosomal glycohydrolases that catabolize glycosphingolipids within the lysosome, activator proteins or integral membrane proteins. When there is a lysosomal enzyme deficiency, the deficient enzyme’s undegraded substrates gradually accumulate within the lysosomes.

This accumulation within the cell eventually leads to malfunction of the organ and to the symptoms of a lysosomal storage disease, with these symptoms depending on the particular enzyme deficiency

Article Source: Fluorogenic Substrates for Visualizing Acidic Organelle Enzyme Activities
Harlan FK, Lusk JS, Mohr BM, Guzikowski AP, Batchelor RH, et al. (2016) Fluorogenic Substrates for Visualizing Acidic Organelle Enzyme Activities. PLOS ONE 11(5): e0156312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156312

Lipids digested by lysosomes were first synthesized in which of the following eukaryotic organelles?

Lysosomes are acidic cytoplasmic organelles that are present in all nucleated mammalian cells. Lysosomes have been found to be involved in a variety of cellular processes including repair of the plasma membrane, cholesterol homeostasis, and apoptosis. 

To date, more than 50 acidic hydrolytic enzymes have been identified that are involved in ordered lysosomal degradation of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Functional deficiencies in these lysosomal enzymes are indicative of a number of disease states. Acidic organelles have also been shown to be responsible for digestion of high molecular weight proteins, oligosaccharides, glycolipids, or peptides by the cell.

The lysosomal storage diseases are a family of genetic human metabolic diseases that, in their severest forms, cause mortality due to a variety of conditions. They are caused by mutations in the genes encoding lysosomal glycohydrolases that catabolize glycosphingolipids within the lysosome, activator proteins or integral membrane proteins. When there is a lysosomal enzyme deficiency, the deficient enzyme’s undegraded substrates gradually accumulate within the lysosomes.

This accumulation within the cell eventually leads to malfunction of the organ and to the symptoms of a lysosomal storage disease, with these symptoms depending on the particular enzyme deficiency

Article Source: Fluorogenic Substrates for Visualizing Acidic Organelle Enzyme Activities
Harlan FK, Lusk JS, Mohr BM, Guzikowski AP, Batchelor RH, et al. (2016) Fluorogenic Substrates for Visualizing Acidic Organelle Enzyme Activities. PLOS ONE 11(5): e0156312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156312

The acid-activated enzymes such as those found in the lysosome are most likely present in which of the following?

Lysosomes are acidic cytoplasmic organelles that are present in all nucleated mammalian cells. Lysosomes have been found to be involved in a variety of cellular processes including repair of the plasma membrane, cholesterol homeostasis, and apoptosis. 

To date, more than 50 acidic hydrolytic enzymes have been identified that are involved in ordered lysosomal degradation of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Functional deficiencies in these lysosomal enzymes are indicative of a number of disease states. Acidic organelles have also been shown to be responsible for digestion of high molecular weight proteins, oligosaccharides, glycolipids, or peptides by the cell.

The lysosomal storage diseases are a family of genetic human metabolic diseases that, in their severest forms, cause mortality due to a variety of conditions. They are caused by mutations in the genes encoding lysosomal glycohydrolases that catabolize glycosphingolipids within the lysosome, activator proteins or integral membrane proteins. When there is a lysosomal enzyme deficiency, the deficient enzyme’s undegraded substrates gradually accumulate within the lysosomes.

This accumulation within the cell eventually leads to malfunction of the organ and to the symptoms of a lysosomal storage disease, with these symptoms depending on the particular enzyme deficiency

Article Source: Fluorogenic Substrates for Visualizing Acidic Organelle Enzyme Activities
Harlan FK, Lusk JS, Mohr BM, Guzikowski AP, Batchelor RH, et al. (2016) Fluorogenic Substrates for Visualizing Acidic Organelle Enzyme Activities. PLOS ONE 11(5): e0156312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156312

Enzymes that normally catabolize glycosphingolipids and are implicated in the development of the lysosomal storage diseases fall into which class?

Lysosomes are acidic cytoplasmic organelles that are present in all nucleated mammalian cells. Lysosomes have been found to be involved in a variety of cellular processes including repair of the plasma membrane, cholesterol homeostasis, and apoptosis. 

To date, more than 50 acidic hydrolytic enzymes have been identified that are involved in ordered lysosomal degradation of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Functional deficiencies in these lysosomal enzymes are indicative of a number of disease states. Acidic organelles have also been shown to be responsible for digestion of high molecular weight proteins, oligosaccharides, glycolipids, or peptides by the cell.

The lysosomal storage diseases are a family of genetic human metabolic diseases that, in their severest forms, cause mortality due to a variety of conditions. They are caused by mutations in the genes encoding lysosomal glycohydrolases that catabolize glycosphingolipids within the lysosome, activator proteins or integral membrane proteins. When there is a lysosomal enzyme deficiency, the deficient enzyme’s undegraded substrates gradually accumulate within the lysosomes.

This accumulation within the cell eventually leads to malfunction of the organ and to the symptoms of a lysosomal storage disease, with these symptoms depending on the particular enzyme deficiency

Article Source: Fluorogenic Substrates for Visualizing Acidic Organelle Enzyme Activities
Harlan FK, Lusk JS, Mohr BM, Guzikowski AP, Batchelor RH, et al. (2016) Fluorogenic Substrates for Visualizing Acidic Organelle Enzyme Activities. PLOS ONE 11(5): e0156312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156312

Overactivation of which organelle and process carried out there would directly result in worsening of a lysosomal storage disorder in which a proteolytic enzyme was absent?

Lysosomes are acidic cytoplasmic organelles that are present in all nucleated mammalian cells. Lysosomes have been found to be involved in a variety of cellular processes including repair of the plasma membrane, cholesterol homeostasis, and apoptosis. 

To date, more than 50 acidic hydrolytic enzymes have been identified that are involved in ordered lysosomal degradation of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Functional deficiencies in these lysosomal enzymes are indicative of a number of disease states. Acidic organelles have also been shown to be responsible for digestion of high molecular weight proteins, oligosaccharides, glycolipids, or peptides by the cell.

The lysosomal storage diseases are a family of genetic human metabolic diseases that, in their severest forms, cause mortality due to a variety of conditions. They are caused by mutations in the genes encoding lysosomal glycohydrolases that catabolize glycosphingolipids within the lysosome, activator proteins or integral membrane proteins. When there is a lysosomal enzyme deficiency, the deficient enzyme’s undegraded substrates gradually accumulate within the lysosomes.

This accumulation within the cell eventually leads to malfunction of the organ and to the symptoms of a lysosomal storage disease, with these symptoms depending on the particular enzyme deficiency

Article Source: Fluorogenic Substrates for Visualizing Acidic Organelle Enzyme Activities
Harlan FK, Lusk JS, Mohr BM, Guzikowski AP, Batchelor RH, et al. (2016) Fluorogenic Substrates for Visualizing Acidic Organelle Enzyme Activities. PLOS ONE 11(5): e0156312. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156312

Which of the following organelles are responsible for similar cellular processes as the lysosome?

I) Mitochondria
II) SER
III) Peroxisome