Cultured HeLa cells were subjected to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and CASP3 mRNA levels were measured in the presence or absence of recombinant human (rh) TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) (10 ng/mL) and Z-DEVD-FMK, an irreversible inhibitor of caspase-3 activity.

Researchers simulated an in vitro hypoxic environment by using a controlled low-oxygen cell culture chamber and investigated the effect of hypoxic conditions on osteogenic differentiation by measuring the levels of RUNX2 in the presence and absence of VEGF. VEGF is a proangiogenic growth factor that, upon binding to its receptor VEGFR2, induces the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and its downstream transcriptional activity.

MDM2 decreases p53 expression.
p53 is increased by pifithrin-α.
MDM2 activity is essential for p53 expression.

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